Re-prioritising the role of Lalbagh - KRISHNA.MB

January 2024.

Public gardens need to be re-evaluated in light of current technological and transportation advancements. In the past, it was difficult to transport plants across the world, leading to botanical gardens becoming centers for introducing exotic plant species with commercial or ornamental potential. However, today, public gardens like Lalbagh are primarily visited for recreational or health  purposes, with little focus on the botanical aspects. The classification of plants and trees, or the display of plant names, does not hold much significance for visitors. With advancements in synthetic chemistry, obtaining products directly from introduced specimens is no longer as appealing as it once was. It is now more economically feasible to source products from a production area, often synthesised. Given these changes, the role of Lalbagh needs to be re-prioritised.

Lalbagh now serves as a green space, promoting the active growth of trees and plants, resulting in increased oxygen release and a cooler, greener environment. This ambience attracts people seeking health benefits. The key feature of the area should be the amount of carbon sequestration, or plant growth, taking place. The growth of plants and trees, or the amount of carbon sequestration happening, would be proportional to the amount of oxygen released by the vegetation. Therefore maximising the carbon sequestration happening should be the main priority for the management of the garden.

The constant removal of biomass from the garden would affect the micro and macro fauna and flora. So the blatant one way 'land mining' type of biomass extraction has to stop. Currently, a lage amount of wood ('dead wood'), fallen leaves and ground cover are frequently and regularly removed which amounts to so much of minerals and nutrients essential to plants to be massively removed from the system. This should be affecting the flora and fauna negatively. This needs to be remedied.

Biomass accumulation and the increase in ecological standing crop leads to increased biodiversity. Biodiversity increase would be a key driver for better learning scenarios. People appreciate variety and the educational value of native fauna and flora for education cannot be overemphasised. The largest body of tomorrow's technical manpower is going to come from today's cities and sensitising the future population to nature and the life around us should be of utmost importance. A plot by plot audit of the educational value should be in order too!

Lalbagh is an old planned area with defined blocks, traversed by paths and roads. It is essential to conduct an annual block-by-block monitoring and audit to keep a record of watering, fertilization, composting, and manuring in each block. Monitoring the removal of biomass is crucial as it is being monetized, and continuous removal of wood and leaves can lead to depletion of nutrients from the soil. Each plot requires individualized record-keeping of management actions and maintenance.

The management plan should ensure that there is no decrease in the overall biomass content of the plot. It is important to keep a record of the number and size of trees on the plot, along with an estimate of the biomass. In the current scenario, biomass addition is more crucial than species introductions, as it indicates the photosynthesis happening and the value of the plants in the carbon sequestration process.

It might be worthwhile to recollect that the forest departments have the concept of a working plan where in a plot by plot record is maintained for every patch of forest. There is also a plan for the future in each of these working plans. Apparently these working plans would go into the library where it would be available for cross referencing and research. Such a plan is worthwhile to be implemented by other departments too.

//Not formally edited.

= in good faith, krishnamb.
making free time is culture!

Lalbagh needs to be a refuge for biodiversity

Lalbagh just needs more greenery. There should be much more shrubbery and tree cover, with the herb layer and ground cover allowed to grow. The garden has enough walkways, and more benches could be provided if need be.

It sees so much footfall these days after the Covid lockdowns, especially on the weekends, that it is sad to see the people going out being as ignorant about greenery and biodiversity, as when they came in. Being a declared botanical garden, it should be an educational hub, with the people not only learning about the trees and plants, but also about other biodiversity aspects as well.

The bird life of lalbagh has seen a tremendous drop in populations over the last three decades by around 80-90 percent. Migratory Gargany ducks would come in hundreds with peak numbers in the region of some 1600 birds in the past, but are totally absent today. Coppersmith Barbets would be crossing over a hundred birds during peak season, while one will be lucky to see even a couple of birds now. At one time during British rule, the garden had over 3200 documented species of plants. But how many do we have there today?

Lalbagh as an enclosed greenspace within the city needs to be an urban forest, with a myriad of life forms finding a home there. It needs to be an educational space where a school student too could go and experience biodiversity.

Lalbagh needs a proper long-term management orientation, plot by plot. We can no longer make deweeding and cutting the most significant management operations, day after day, year after year. One needs to see active propagation, replanting, fertilizing and controlled plant protection measures there. We need proper documentation of both the past management activities plot by plot over the years, as well as a management plan for the future with the priorities and plan for each plot written and put out. Management activities there should not become the ad-hoc whims and fancies of the hierarchy and the committees there. Even a sister department, the Forest Department, had a tradition of making proper working management plan documents for ages.

Lalbagh cannot be and should not be just visualised as a mere Victorian-era zoo for plants. It needs to be an urban biodiversity refuge with experiential and educational roles. We require rethinking beyond a waddling path for disinterested, ignorant, indifferent groups of people out for a chat on Sunday morning. We desperately require a new vision for Lalbagh.



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The abridged edited version in Deccan Herald: https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/point-blank/make-lalbagh-an-educational-hub-1167943.html



= in good faith, krishnamb.
making free time is culture!

On Saving Ground Cover in Lalbagh

On saving ground cover in Lalbagh

Lalbagh needs to have at least a part of its area covered with natural ground cover of herbaceous vegetation. This is especially the area frequented by people, where one could see and observe urban wildlife easily. Everything should not be removed for the sake of a formal mowed lawn.

These natural patches harbour a much higher biodiversity than mowed lawns. Many native local plants, and many small animals like annelids, arthropods, gastropods and many more would make these patches their home. These areas could serve as a local reservoir of local biodiversity, when other areas are being mowed, cleared and managed. Recolonization of cleared out patches would diminish with increasing distance when local reservoirs and corridors are absent. And these patches could bridge that gap. The flowering of these native plants could support bee and butterfly populations, while the plants themselves could be food to butterfly larvae. A variety of insects and plants would also encourage birds which would feed on them, like say the Magpie-Robin, or the Whitebreasted Waterhen, which feed on the ground.

The single largest source of tomorrow's technical manpower is going to be the cities of today. Therefore we require local learning resources which learners could utilise. And there would be a no better place than an accessible botanic garden for it.

Animals and plants growing in such patches would not be able to survive in Lalbagh if all areas are cleared and mowed down at once. There need to be such patches which helps the ground zone biota to tide over unfavourable times. So a continuity in time is also important.

Environmental and ecological education is important today for everybody. So it is not surprising that the Supreme Court itself saw it fit to ask for environmental education in schools to be made compulsory countrywide. We too could do our part to enhance experiential learning for those interested in learning more about the environment by enhancing the accessible ground level biodiversity in our parks and gardens.

--krishna.mb, 4th August 2022 (this note not formally edited)

~ in good faith, krishnamb.
making free time is culture!

Just a Contextual Perspective on the manmade Lakes of South India and their Birdlife

If one travels across the landscape of South India, one comes across innumerable lakes which dot the landscape. These are right across the dry country and are used primarily for agriculture. Often many of the larger ones have more than one village associated with them in the periphery. And there are many temples which would be associated with these lakes in general. These lakes were (and still are) meant to trap the rainfall which flows down the elevation and store it for agriculture. These lakes are all man made and there are no natural lakes in our area.

So if we ask ourselves the question as to when these lakes were created, we can find that many go back to almost a millennium in time. Most are more than a few centuries old and perhaps less than half a percent of them would be less than a century old.

These lakes were created by impounding a stream with an embankment called a bund. Almost all the lakes have an embankment which is not straight like a dam but created as a long curved arch pointing upriver. The curvature should give the bund additional strength.

These lakes have the embankment side which is generally steep but the rest of the sides are very gradually sloping. The old practice, much before the coming of canal irrigation, was to cultivate on the shore, following the receding water level with the approach of summer. This ensured that the slope was very gradual. In hilly country, cutting slopes and increasing the sediment base of the lake was done to get a flat bed useful for paddy cultivation.

With the ability to make canals, the flat and very gradually sloping foreshore perhaps became less important, because the water was diverted into larger areas downstream. And with the growth of the population, urbanization and construction crept closer to this shoreline. This again made the shorelines steeper because people either cut it or filled the slopes to elevate the ground.

So if we take the case of the fastest growing city at one time in India, Bangalore, one can see what is happening to the lakes. As the city grew, it engulfed the lakes. Many were drained for development to happen. The irrigated fields were all converted to properties and sites. And some lakes were just engulfed. Due to the severe malarial epidemic in the last century, vector control measures were focussed on reducing mosquitoes and this translated to draining all the lakes close to the growing city or those engulfed by it. At that point of time with the medical technologies available then, there perhaps were no alternatives than to eliminate the disease vector. So a large number of lakes were drained and eliminated.

With increasing concerns on the water situation, including ground water, as the city grew, the government setup the Lakshman Rao Commission in the mid eighties to look at what should be done with the lakes which had lost their irrigated areas. With much forethought, the committee recommended that the lakes should not be drained but repurposed. So many of them came to be what they are today: an urban tank like lake, with a peripheral walking path and a garden around. And benches and pergolas, where people can sit and chat. The biggest casuality in this change was the gradually sloping foreshore and margin which our engineers failed to understand the importance of, because biology awareness is so poor in our society.

Now, these lakes both with and without the irrigated area can be called wetlands. Wetlands are areas marginal between land and water characterised by hydric soils and hydrophytes. They host their own unique community of birds which are well adapted to a life in or near water. The changes and the loss in the wetlands around Bangalore has resulted in an enormous decline in bird populations in the wetlands around Bangalore. The decline could be by some ninety percent compared to the early nineties or thereabouts.

Birds have inspired and fascinated man from times immemorial. Their flight, song and colour have charmed poets and writers to include them in their works. But in spite of all this admiration, they have still attracted the attentions of a different kind. They have been often hunted, and often indiscriminately without restraint, especially when firearms became common and often for entertainment. And so was it here in India too, until the Wildlife Protection Act was passed in 1972. It was a landmark act which changed the way wildlife was treated, and though primarily targeting the larger vulnerable mammals, included other persecuted wildlife too. The newly arising sentiments of the time and the Act brought about a dramatic change across the region and wildlife conservation became an accepted thought. Much of the people who are active today are this post wildlife act generation whose schooling happened after the early seventies.

Wetlands are highly productive ecologically and support life far in excess to equivalent areas of land. In the Bangalore area for example, some forty percent of the bird species are supported by wetlands which account for hardly two and a half percent of the land area. Many of the wetland birds are long distance migrants coming form near and within the Arctic Circle. Some of them would be covering an excess of some twenty four thousand kilometres every year in their migration journeys. Many sport exclusive lifestyles and feeding strategies. And they are threatened in our urban areas and periphery because of the spoilage of the habitat. Though India is a signatory to many conservation treaties and has ratified them, there is need for bird conservation to reach local situations.

Why worry about birds one may ask. It is because they have some very unique traits apart from being very charming, that should endear them to be within our surroundings. Birds are the most highly metabolising animal group, with body temperatures which could be as high as 43 deg C. And they require lots of energy to fly. So per unit bodyweight birds consume a lot of high calorific food. If the food is contaminated by the pollutants and toxic materials that we put out, they are most likely to be affected the first. So they serve to give out a warning to all that we do! This is perhaps the only warning for synergestic effects of the chemicals we put out. And some of the most major damages to the life around us caused by us, have been studied because of birds. Remember the Canary which was being carried into coal mines?


//KRISHNAMB. 20th July 2022. This draft is not formally edited and would require some editing perhaps.


~ in good faith, krishnamb.
~ making time free is culture!

~ making free time is culture!

On the Garden Birds of Lalbagh

The cumulative total of the bird species known to have occurred at Lalbagh from the nineteen seventies onwards, could be anywhere between 140 to 170 species. However, if we just consider the last half a decade and species with an occurrence frequency of more than thirty percent of the months, the list drops to just 44 species.

The list of birds seen was prepared by Mr Kishan SB and is at: 

https://krishnamb.blogspot.com/2020/11/the-common-birds-of-lalbagh.html?m=1

Out of these 44 species, just three non aquatic species could build their nests closer to the ground in shrubbery. And then again, they may not, building their nests higher in the vegetation. We have no ground nesting non aquatic birds at Lalbagh.

However if we consider the bird species which come down to the shrubbery, or the ground to feed, (including those coming to artificial food), which are non aquatic, it could be about fourteen species. All the other species out of the thirty odd garden species with an extended duration of presence in Lalbagh, live on trees. 

Now, if we begin to wonder why, some explanations stand out. We have too little shrubbery in Lalbagh. We do not have places where fallen leaves stand at the base of trees, near trunks, or under low vegetation. The Covid19 lockdown showed that given enough isolation and no interference, lush meadows and ground vegetation comes up. But they are not allowed to be, and are cut close to the ground to maintain an open, almost barren, manicured look. And herein lies the problem for our birdlife. 

Making Lalbagh Greener

https://krishnamb.blogspot.com/2017/06/making-lalbagh-greener.html?m=1

~ in good faith, mbk.

On the nature of greenery at Cubbon Park

What I notice from the conversations and points people have put up, is that nobody is thinking of learning and education. Especially of informal experiential learning.

The single largest source of tomorrow's technical manpower is going to be the cities of today. And we need to do something about experiential environmental education here! Even the Supreme Court thought it fit that a knowledge of the environment is good at the school level itself. So, parks could be a bit more rustic, a bit more wilder, and serve as educational resources for the "nature" around us.

The Government Archaeological Museum and the Visvesvaraya Industrial & Technological Museum are close by, and "nature" could be a part of the educational complex too! If one thinks of art in nature, then Cubbon park should be a part of the "complex" with the Venkatappa Art gallery there.
So, why can't we just have more rustic areas and more greenery in our midst?

--krishna.mb, 03.09.21

~ in good faith, krishnamb.
making free time is culture!

Mowing and undergrowth removal at Lalbagh

Grass and undergrowth are being drastically cut down at Lalbagh. This needs to be seriously reconsidered.

Both the mowing of grass and brush cutting is happening to within an inch or so of the ground, rendering the lawn and other areas bare and brown. This would lead to, amongst other things, more wasteful loss of soil moisture directly, than that by plant transpiration which is controlled. Transpiration at least leads to carbon fixation and growth. Water evaporation and loss from the soil surface is of benefit to none and is just wasteful, which could be better utilised by plants.

The benefits of the mass blooming of herbs is also lost which would benefit pollinators like bees and boost their populations. The loss of this greenery would also reduce insects and other biota which would have been a part of the food web there otherwise. This would disadvantage the bird life there too.

There needs to be an immediate map based transparent management plan for the herbs, shrubs, grass and ground cover of Lalbagh. This should be a plot by plot plan which is debated and well considered before implementation. Ad hoc efforts would only fall victim to individual whims and fancies.

There needs to be a serious re-purposing of Lalbagh which gives priority to the education of the visitor and the student alike. For we should remember that the largest body of tomorrow's technical manpower comes from today's cities and we cannot fail in the education of the youth of today. To maintain it like an open playground for people to waddle all over is a banal and wanton mal-utilization of a valuable green space of Bangalore. The urban green sensitises us to the life around us after all!

~ in good faith, krishnamb.
making free time is culture!

The Common Birds of Lalbagh

Compiled by Mr Kishan SB from the lists of the second Sunday group outings maintained by him of the birds seen at Labagh over the last five years. The thirty percent cut off limit is mine.

~ in good faith, mbk.

The 2016 Bangalore Wetland and Waterbird Survey

Purabi and I had done some analyses on the 2016 waterbird and habitat survey data which we think would be relevant to the survey under planning this year. While bird identities are clearly defined in ornithology today, the recognition of habitat states and parameters requires a good deal of clarity and working on. There needs to be minimum threshold levels to be adhered to while considering a parameter to be present, and that such factors need to be seen during the survey and not assumed. The criticality would matter more when there is presence-absence data. Could our data have been better?

So here it is and hope it helps.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/19IakZfhzzKPL4BzdPjdBO29I5nKh3C2B/view?usp=sharing_eil&ts=5e0dcec3

=

Posted on Thu, 2 Jan 2020 on the [bngbirds] email group on Yahoo groups titled Waterbird and Wetlands Survey

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On the Value of Ground Vegetation in Parks

~ in good faith, mbk.

No fence for Lalbagh

Not a fence for lalbagh, but a compound wall!

If visual connect for the "super busy" who zoom past in cars not finding time to get down and walk inside is the argument, then it is a very weak one. First, visual connect is a very vague and undefined thought, hardly quantifiable. Pitching for the increase in visibility for the hurried lot, to throw glances at greenery when they ought to be concentrating on their driving and threaten pedestrians less, is dangerous. It does not balance the needs of those who walk, exercise, meditate and study inside after having come there from distances, just to savour the ambience and the greenery. As much as "exposing" the greenery inside for the glimpses of snobs in their air-conditioned and sealed cars, the see through fencing would also spoil the view for the people in the park forcing them to view things which they came there especially to avoid: urban sprawl, honking vehicles, snobs in their cars throwing glances, vehicular lights at times, smoke, dust and the very distracting movement of vehicles itself. Architects and architectural practice should evolve beyond looking at everything as a facade meant to titillate the motorist caught in the intentionally installed red lights in front. They should learn to look holistically outward from the core, and encompass local ecology, functionality and efficiency in their creations, which sadly today, come to have so little rationality.
Moreover, humanity also has a responsibility to other life, and as the Indian Constitution says, a responsibility to cultivate scientific temper and improve the natural environment. Lalbagh still harbours many wild birds and other life, which a sizable number of people go to see, learn about and often photograph. The entire urban wildlife in the garden would be at threat with the increased disturbance and pollution this opening up would bring about, if it happens.

KRISHNA MB
14.3.20


Also read: https://krishnamb.blogspot.com/2017/06/making-lalbagh-greener.html?m=1


= in good faith, krishnamb.
making free time is culture!

Swamps, not lakes for Bangalore!

-- in good faith, krishnamb.

Water Hyacinth in Bangalore's Lakes

Wonder if the frothing of Bellandur and Varthur water bodies started after the depletion of Water Hyacinth in the lakes? Outright removal or serious depletion of successful and ecologically dominant species would drastically alter energy flows and bioremediation in an ecosystem, and replacements would be very hard to come by in the energy pathways of that system. It would indeed be very imprudent to remove or disrupt successful plants like Ipomoea carnea or Eichhornia crassipes in our tampered waterscapes!

KRISHNAMB Feb 2019 😊

-- in good faith, krishnamb.

Mist laden Mornings of Bangalore

Mist laden mornings, with a wispy ethereal drape over every place which otherwise would have looked so common. Stately trees lining black asphalted roads, leading out to a mystical nowhere, on a white canvas that only nature could have painted. That was the Bangalore I grew up in: that was the Bangalore I lived in as a schoolboy. 

The mist has lifted for good. The smooth roads have become pockmarked with potholes. The stately trees are maimed or gone. Drab 'matchboxes' line roads where pretty gardens stood. It is now looking as if Bangalore has greyed prematurely. 

Just like the Sun warmed up the day, lifting the wispy misty veil, telling us it is time up for school, it is now looking as if we would miss the bus if we do not get ready in time. We need to learn why, we with a quirky Midas touch, seem to be prematurely aging everything around us: everything that we touch! 

- in good faith, krishnamb.
making free time is culture!
   

On the issue of fake journals

1. The existing journals have been calling many journals fake and have been running a campaign against them. The existing journals themselves have been taking what should have been openly accessible materials and putting it behind a paywall.

2. In a landmark case cited in the AIR manual, the Bombay High Court in the past ruled that if a journalist has been employed or commissioned to write an article, then the copyright of the article vests with the employer or the one engaging the journalist. In contrast, if an article has already been written before employment or commission, then the copyright vests with the author.

3. This clear thought or ideology is violated in the case of research publications. In almost all cases, the research being written about or reported on, is done as a part of an employment or as a grant received by the researcher. And much of the time, the funds for the employment or grant come from the taxpayers, and is taken to be in the interests of humanity in the short or long run.

4. The researchers claim ownership of the copyright and happily sign off the copyrights to the journals they are submitting their notes, papers and articles to. And the journals monetise this copyright at exorbitant prices and make it financially inviable for access to by the original taxpayers.

5. This seems to be a clear violation of the thought and philosophy referred to in the second paragraph above. How is this allowed?

- in good faith, krishnamb.

Will Lalbagh last?

How long will Lalbagh last as a garden? 

= in good faith, krishna mb.
making time free is culture!

On Universities and Education…

On Universities and Education…

This was written around 1993…

"A right man for the job" has indeed become a cliché: often meant just as a saying and never implemented! Nowhere is it more true than in the case of our Universities. We do not seem to be having the right students nor the right staff anymore. And this reflects in the pathetic status which the universities or their staff enjoy in society. But we do need to wonder why, and reflect whether the universities alone are to blame, or is it a malady of much greater proportions.

Universities are great places: in fact, any place of learning distanced from the usual pressures would be. But they are also places where something more than the "bread" of literacy is expected, the "cake" and "icing" so to speak, marking the difference between basic and higher learning. They are meant to be places where mere classroom learning at the graduate and earlier level also makes way for research and new findings, thus contributing to society in more ways than one. In fact, we expect so much more from our universities, but one begins to question why are they not delivering their due. Are they still places of higher learning as they were supposed to be?

This problem can basically be traced to three levels. At the highest would be the government's role and responsibility, and at the lowest would be the students, the society and people. And in the middle, and a very large middle at that, is the university itself. A large part of the problem could be the institutions' own doing.

Universities, especially the science departments, are facing a steady decline in quality students joining them. Good students tend to go in for jobs or other courses after the degree itself. The research happening there leaves more to be desired, faculty evaluations often targeting quantity rather than quality. There are no defined procedures for evaluating the teaching done. The teaching – research dichotomy is often used for doing neither, some views going to the limit of saying that both cannot be done together. The courses and syllabi are outmoded, and combinations at the feeder degree level are so fixed that a student cannot have adequate choices with more maturity coming with age. In present set-up there is no exchange of faculty between universities, institutions, or departments, so that new thought and techniques are hardly brought in. The relevance of research done to society also needs a good re-evaluation.

In addition, there is much staff indiscipline and classes are not taken as stipulated. Guidance for research is indifferent, and research subjects are not optimised for or capitalise on available resources. The research could be repetitive, student after student. Motivation is low and the staff are not capable of getting the most out of students. In short, the universities too reek of the same indifference brought about by government-type permanent employment!

Society's perception of degrees as a "basic passport" puts a lot of demand on the system. For most people, a degree is a gateway to a professional career, and traditional degrees have failed to satisfy this aspiration. This has brought about the suggestion that there should be a "reversal of roles" played by professional and traditional degree courses. Those who take up traditional degree courses and do not find jobs often land up studying for their higher degrees. Student indiscipline has also played its role, often politically backed, and affects students who have to survive by their merit severely.

In many countries, universities play a mainstream role in research developments. Setting up of full fledged research institutions which have distanced themselves from universities and education is also thought to have caused part of the problem. Most universities have a financial crunch, so that basic facilities like libraries, are hit severely. The cost of journals are increasing, and access to electronic document resources at universities may not be in keeping with the needs. Research is not possible without a good literature review and this is where resources are pathetic. Internet and access to email could have mollified this problem but access to priced literature at the university itself, either printed or electronic, has no substitute.

India is supposed to have over twenty-four million graduates. From about a score of universities post Independence, there are more than a couple of hundred of them today. The disparity between institutions is high, even in basic training that they offer. Eligibility criteria like UGC/CSIR National Evaluation Test (NET) have been sidelined by negotiating for "equivalent" selection tests conducted by the institutions themselves. The quality of intake thus suffers: faculty and research student selections have defied good eligibility criteria!

The shift in student fancy away from traditional degrees has pinched research institutions of good students. And numerous views and solutions have been expressed. That change in peoples' aspiration is happening is obvious. The question remains whether universities will rise to the occasion. Guided change should be possible: what is happening now is that the system is succumbing to a overwhelming "market demand". The day might not be too far off when we would have to look for talent outside, when it comes to non-engineering and non-medical lines. Just imagine that day when you switch on the TV and see a foreign documentary covering some non-traditional but not offbeat topic. You should not have to literally rake your head to recollect if there was somebody whom you know, who is even remotely connected with that subject! With current fashions, we are drifting towards just that!

//mbk 2003-08-09

[This was published as a lead article in one of the dailies in Bangalore, in a special 'centre spread' devoted to higher education. And I've forgotten the name of the newspaper... it was one of those which defaulted on the payment :) ]


in good faith,
Dr KRISHNA MB
making free time is culture!

Handedness in winged seeds

Winged seeds of Swietenia macrophylla (on the right) and Sterculia (possibly foetida) on the left.

Both species seem to show both left handed and right handed spiralling while coming down, which is reflected in their structure too. The spiral would possibly reflect in the symmetry of the other floral parts too. 

-
in good faith, krishna mb.
making free time is culture!

The decline of shorebirds in Bangalore

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in good faith, krishna mb.
making free time is culture!

The decline of shorebirds in Bangalore

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in good faith, krishna mb.
making free time is culture!